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2024.5.12 00:34:29
Calthrop 應變第五篇 응변편
THE BOOK OF WAR
THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST
TRANSLATED FROM THE CHINESE BY CAPTAIN E. F. CALTHROP, R.F.A. (1908)
V
SUITING THE OCCASION
Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If strong chariots, good horses, strong and valiant soldiers suddenly meet the enemy, and are thrown into confusion, and ranks broken, what should be done?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“In general, the method of fighting is to effect order in daylight by means of flags and banners, pennons and batons; at night by gongs and drums, whistles and flutes. If a signal be made to the left, the troops move to the left; if to the right, they move to the right. Advance is made at the sound of the drum; halt at the sound of the gong; one blast of the whistle is for advance, two for the rally. If those who disobey be cut down, the forces are subject to authority. If officers and soldiers carry out orders, a[Pg 109] superior enemy cannot exist; no position is impregnable in the attack.”
Lord Wen asked and said:—
“What is to be done if the enemy be many and we be few?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“Avoid such an enemy on open ground, and meet him in the narrow way; for, as it is written, if 1 is to stand against 1,000, there is naught better than a pass; if 10 are to hold against 100, there is nothing better than a steep place; if 1,000 are to strike 10,000, there is nothing better than a difficult place. If a small force, with beat of gong and drum, suddenly arise in a narrow way, even a host will be upset. Wherefore it is written: ‘He who has a multitude seeks the plain, and he who has few seeks the narrow way.’”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“A mighty host, strong and courageous, which is on the defence with a mountain behind, a precipice between, high ground on the right, and a river on the left, with deep moats, and high walls, and which has[Pg 110] artillery; whose retreat is like the removal of a mountain, advance like the hurricane, and whose supplies are in abundance, is an enemy against whom long defence is difficult. In effect, what should be done in such a case?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“This indeed is a great question, whose issue depends, not upon the might of chariot and horse, but upon the schemes of a wise man.
“Let 1,000 chariots and 10,000 horse, well equipped and with foot-men added to them, be divided into five armies, and a road allotted to each army.
“Then if there be five armies, and each army take a different road, the enemy will be puzzled, and know not in what quarter to be prepared. If the enemy’s defence be strong and united, send envoys quickly to him to discover his intention. If he listen to our advices, he will strike camp and withdraw. But, if he listen not to our advice, but strikes down the messenger, and burns his papers, then divide and attack[Pg 111] from five quarters. If victorious, do not pursue; if defeated, flee to a distance. If feigning retreat, proceed slowly, and, if the enemy approach, strike swiftly.
“One army will hold the enemy in front, with another cut his rear, two more with gags in their mouths[21] will attack his weak point, whether on the right or on the left. If five armies thus make alternate onslaughts, success is certain.
“This is the way to strike strength.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If the enemy draw near and encompass us, and we would retreat, but there is no way, and in our multitude there is fear, what should be done?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“In such a case, if we be many and they be few, divide and fall upon them; if the enemy be many and we be few, use stratagem and act according to opportunity; and if opportunities be untiringly seized, even if the enemy be many, he will be reduced to subjection.”
[Pg 112]
Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If, in a narrow valley with steep places on either side, the enemy be met, and they are many and we are few, what should be done?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“If they be met among hills, woods, in deep mountains, or wide fens, advance quickly, retire swiftly, and hesitate not. If the enemy be suddenly met among high mountains or deep valleys, be the first to strike the drum and fall upon them. Let bow and cross bow advance; shoot and capture; observe the state of their ranks; and, if there be confusion, do not hesitate to strike.”
Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If the enemy be suddenly met in a narrow place with high mountains on either side, and advance and retreat are alike impossible, what should be done in such a case?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“This is called War in valleys where numbers are of no avail. The ablest officers should be collected, and set against the[Pg 113]enemy. Men light of foot and well armed should be placed in front; the chariots divided; the horsemen drawn up, and placed in ambush on four sides, with many leagues between, and without showing their weapons. Then, the enemy will certainly make his defence firm, and neither advance or retreat. Whereupon, the standards will be raised, and the ranks of banners shown, the mountains left, and camp pitched in the plain.
“The enemy will then be fearful, and should be challenged by chariot and horse, and allowed no rest.
“This is the method of fighting in valleys.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If the enemy be met in a marsh where the water is out, so that the wheels of the chariots sink in, and the shafts be covered, and the chariots and horsemen overcome by the waters, when there are no boats or oars, and it is impossible either to advance or retreat, what should be done in such a case?”
And Wu answered and said:—
[Pg 114]
“This is called water fighting. Chariots and horsemen cannot be used, and they must be put for a time on one side. Go up to the top of a high place, and look out to the four quarters. Then the state of the waters will certainly be seen; their extent, and the deep places and shallows fully ascertained. Then, by stratagem, the enemy may be defeated.
“If the enemy should cross the waters he should be engaged when half over.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If there has been long continued rain so that the horses sink, and the chariots cannot move; if the enemy appear from four quarters, and the forces are frightened, what is the course in such a case?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“When wet and overcast, the chariots should halt; when fine and dry, they should arise. Seek height, and avoid low places; drive the strong chariots, and choose well the road on which to advance or halt. If the enemy suddenly arise, immediately pursue them.”
[Pg 115]
Lord Wen asked and said:—
“If our fields and pastures be suddenly pillaged, and our oxen and sheep taken, what should be done?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“Lawless enemies that arise are to be feared; defend well and do not reply. When, at sunset, they seek to withdraw, they will certainly be overladen and fearful. Striving to return quickly to their homes, connection will be lost. Then if they be pursued and attacked, they can be overthrown.”
Wu the Master said:—
“The way of attacking the enemy and investing his castle is as follows:—
“When the outlying buildings have been taken, and the assaulting parties enter the innermost sanctuary, make use of the enemy’s officials, and take charge of their weapons. Let the army on no account fell trees or enter dwellings, cut the crops, slay the six domestic animals, or burn the barns; and show the people that there is no cruel desire. Those who wish to surrender, should be received and freed from anxiety.”
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2018.12.26 15:32:32
應變第五编辑
武侯問曰:「車堅馬良,將勇兵強,卒遇敵人,亂而失行,則如之何?」起對曰:「凡戰之法,晝以旌旗旛麾為節,夜以金鼓笳笛為節。麾左而左,麾右而右,鼓之則進,金之則止。一吹而行,再吹而聚,不從令者誅。三軍服威,士卒用命,則戰無強敵,攻無堅陳矣。」
武侯問曰:「若敵眾我寡,為之奈何?」起對曰:「避之於易,邀之於阨。故曰,以一擊十,莫善於阨;以十擊百,莫善於險;以千擊萬,莫善於阻。今有少卒,卒起,擊金鳴鼓於阨路,雖有大眾,莫不驚動。故曰,用眾者務易,用少者務隘。」
武侯問曰:「有師甚眾,既武且勇,背大阻險,右山左水,深溝高壘,守以強弩,退如山移,進如風雨,糧食又多,難與長守,則如之何?」起對曰:「大哉問乎!此非車騎之力,聖人之謀也。能備千乘萬騎,兼之徒步,分為五軍,各軍一衢。夫五軍五衢,敵人必惑,莫知所加。敵若堅守以固其兵,急行間諜以觀其慮。彼聽吾說,解之而去;不聽吾說,斬使焚書,分為五戰。戰勝勿追,不勝疾歸。如是佯北,安行疾鬥,一結其前,一絕其後,兩軍銜枚,或左或右,而襲其處。五軍交至,必有其利。此擊強之道也。」
武侯問曰:「敵近而薄我,欲去無路,我眾甚懼,為之奈何?」起對曰:「為此之術,若我眾彼寡,分而乘之;彼眾我寡,以方從之,從之無息,雖眾可服。」
武侯問曰:「若遇敵於谿谷之間,傍多險阻,彼眾我寡,為之奈何?」起對曰:「遇諸丘陵、林谷、深山、大澤,疾行亟去,勿得從容。若高山深谷,卒然相遇,必先鼓譟而乘之,進弓與弩,且射且虜。審察其政,亂則擊之勿疑。」
武侯問曰:「左右高山,地甚狹迫,卒遇敵人,擊之不敢,去之不得,為之奈何?」起對曰:「此謂谷戰,雖眾不用,募吾材士,與敵相當,輕足利兵,以為前行。分車列騎,隱於四旁,相去數里,無見其兵。敵必堅陳,進退不敢。於是出旌列旆,行出山外營之,敵人必懼。車騎挑之,勿令得休。此谷戰之法也。」
武侯問曰:「吾與敵相遇於大水之澤,傾輪沒轅,水薄車騎,舟楫不設,進退不得,為之奈何?」起對曰:「此謂水戰,無用車騎,且留其傍。登高四望,必得水情,知其廣狹,盡其淺深,乃可為奇以勝之。敵若絕水,半渡而薄之。」
武侯問曰:「天久連雨,馬陷車止,四面受敵,三軍驚駭,為之奈何?」起對曰:「凡用車者,陰濕則停,陽燥則起,貴高賤下,馳其強車。若進若止,必從其道。敵人若起,必逐其跡。」
武侯問曰:「暴寇卒來,掠吾田野,取吾牛羊,則如之何?」起對曰:「暴寇之來,必慮其強,善守勿應。彼將暮去,其裝必重,其心必恐,還退務速,必有不屬,追而擊之,其兵可覆。」
吳子曰:「凡攻敵圍城之道,城邑既破,各入其宮,御其祿秩,收其器物。軍之所至,無刊其木、發其屋、取其粟、殺其六畜、燔其積聚,示民無殘心。其有請降,許而安之。」
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