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2024.6.18 15:33:19
Calthrop 治兵第三篇 치병편
THE BOOK OF WAR
THE MILITARY CLASSIC OF THE FAR EAST
TRANSLATED FROM THE CHINESE BY CAPTAIN E. F. CALTHROP, R.F.A. (1908)
III
CONTROL OF THE ARMY
Lord Wen said:—
“What is of first importance in operations of war?”
Wu answered and said:—
“Lightness, of which there are four[Pg 94]natures, Weight, of which there are two natures, and Confidence must be clearly comprehended.”
And Wen said:—
“What are these?”
And Wu answered:—
“If the way be easy, the horses are light of foot; if the horses be light of foot, the chariots travel freely; if the chariots travel easily, men can ride in them without difficulty; if the men be free to move, the fight prospers. If the difficult and easy ways be known, the horses are lightened; if the horses be fed at proper intervals, the chariots are swift; if there be plenty of oil on the axles of the chariots, the riders are quickly conveyed; if the spears be sharp and the armour strong, the men make the fight easy.
“Large rewards in advance, heavy punishment in retreat, and impartiality in their bestowal are required.
“He who well understands these things is the master of victory.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
[Pg 95]
“By what means can the army gain the victory?”
And Wu answered:—
“The foundation of victory is good government.”
Again, Wen asked and said:—
“Is it not determined by numbers?”
And Wu replied:—
“If laws and orders be not clear; if rewards and punishments be not just; if the bell be sounded and they halt not, or drum be beaten and men do not advance; even if there be a hundred thousand men at arms, they are of no avail.
“Where there is order, then there is propriety at rest, and dignity in motion; none can withstand the attack, and retreat forbids pursuit; motion is regulated, and movements to right and left are made in answer to the signal; if the ranks be cut asunder, formation is preserved; if scattered, they are maintained; in fortune or in danger, there is unity; if a number be collected, they cannot be separated; they may be used but not wearied; in[Pg 96] whatever situation they are placed, nothing under heaven can withstand them. The army may be called a father and his children.”
And Wu said:—
“In marching, movements and halts must be properly adjusted, suitable occasions for rationing not missed; the strength of men and horses not exhausted. If these three things be observed, the commands of the superior can be carried out; if the commands of the superior be carried out, order is maintained. If advances and halts be without method, victualling unsuitable, horses and men tired and weary—neither unsaddled or housed—it is because the orders cannot be obeyed; if the orders be set aside, there is disorder in the camp, and in battle—defeat.”
Wu the Master said:—
“On that depository of corpses, the battlefield, if there be certain expectation of death, there is life; if there be happy expectation of life, there is death. The good general is like unto one sitting in[Pg 97] a leaking ship, or lying under a burning roof; the wisest man cannot contrive against him; the strongest man cannot destroy his composure; and the enemy’s onslaught can be withstood. For procrastination is the greatest enemy of the general; disasters to the army are born of indecision.”
Wu the Master said:—
“Men meet their death from lack of ability or unskilfulness. Wherefore training is the first requirement of war. One man with a knowledge of war can teach ten; ten men skilled in war can teach one hundred; one hundred can teach one thousand; one thousand can teach ten thousand; and ten thousand men can train an army.
“An enemy from a distance should be awaited, and struck at short range; an enemy that is tired should be met in good order; hunger should be opposed by full bellies; the battle formation should be round or square, the men should kneel or stand; go or remain; move to the right or left; advance or retire; concentrate or[Pg 98]disperse; close or extend when the signal is given.
“All these changes must be learnt, and the weapons distributed. This is the business of the general.”
Wu the Master said:—
“In the teaching of war, spears are given to the short; bows and catapults to the tall; banners and standards to the strong; the bell and drum to the bold; fodder and provisions to the feeble; the arrangement of the plan to the wise. Men of the same district should be united; and groups and squads should help each other. At one beat of the drum the ranks are put in order; at two beats of the drum, formation will be made; at three beats of the drum, food will be issued; at four beats of the drum, the men will prepare to march; at five beats of the drum, ranks will be formed; when the drums beat together, then the standards will be raised.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“What is the way of marching and halting an army?”
[Pg 99]
And Wu answered:—
“Natural ovens and dragons’ heads should be avoided. Natural ovens are the mouths of large valleys. Dragons’ heads are the extremities of large mountains. The green dragons (banners) should be placed on the left, and the white tigers on the right; the red sparrows in front; the snakes and tortoises behind; the pole star (standard) above; and the soldiers will look to the standard.
“When going forth to battle, the direction of the wind must be studied; if blowing in the direction of the enemy, the soldiers will be assembled and follow the wind; if a head wind, the position will be strengthened, and a wait made for the wind to change.”
And Lord Wen asked and said:—
“In what way should horses be treated?”
And Wu answered and said:—
“The places where they are kept should be made comfortable; fodder should be suitable and timely. In winter their stables should be warmed, and in summer sheltered from the heat; their coats clipped, their[Pg 100] feet carefully pared, their attention directed so that they be not alarmed, their paces regulated, and their going and halting trained; horses and men should be in accord, and then the horses can be used. The harness, the saddle, bit, bridle, and reins must be strong; if the horse be without vice at the beginning, he can be used to the end; if the horse be hungry it is good; if his belly be full, his value decreases; if the sun be falling and the way still long, dismount frequently. For it is proper that the men be worked, but the horses must be used with discretion, so that they may be prepared should the enemy suddenly attack us.
“If these things be well known, then there is free passage under heaven.”
吳子兵法-chn-eng 吳起
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2018.12.26 15:23:47
治兵第三编辑
武侯問曰:「用兵之道何先?」起對曰:「先明四輕、二重、一信。」曰:「何謂也?」對曰:「使地輕馬,馬輕車,車輕人,人輕戰。明知險易,則地輕馬;芻秣以時,則馬輕車;膏鐧有餘,則車輕人;鋒銳甲堅,則人輕戰。進有重賞,退有重刑,行之以信。審能達此,勝之主也。」
武侯問曰:「兵以何為勝?」起對曰:「以治為勝。」又問曰:「不在眾乎?」對曰:「若法令不明,賞罰不信,金之不止,鼓之不進,雖有百萬,何益於用?所謂治者,居則有禮,動則有威,進不可當,退不可追,前卻有節,左右應麾,雖絕成陳,雖散成行。與之安,與之危,其眾可合而不可離,可用而不可疲,投之所往,天下莫當,名曰父子之兵。」
吳子曰:「凡行軍之道,無犯進止之節,無失飲食之適,無絕人馬之力。此三者,所以任其上令。任其上令,則治之所由生也。若進止不度,飲食不適,馬疲人倦而不解舍,所以不任其上令。上令既廢,以居則亂,以戰則敗。」
吳子曰:「凡兵戰之場,立屍之地,必死則生,幸生則死。其善將者,如坐漏船之中,伏燒屋之下,使智者不及謀,勇者不及怒,受敵可也。故曰:用兵之害,猶豫最大,三軍之災,生於狐疑。」
吳子曰:「夫人常死其所不能,敗其所不便。故用兵之法,教戒為先。一人學戰,教成十人;十人學戰,教成百人;百人學戰,教成千人;千人學戰,教成萬人;萬人學戰,教成三軍。以近待遠,以逸待勞,以飽待飢。圓而方之,坐而起之,行而止之,左而右之,前而後之,分而合之,結而解之。每變皆習,乃授其兵。是謂將事。」
吳子曰:「教戰之令:短者持矛戟,長者持弓弩,強者持旌旗,勇者持金鼓,弱者給廝養,智者為謀主。鄉里相比,什伍相保。一鼓整兵,二鼓習陳,三鼓趨食,四鼓嚴辦,五鼓就行。聞鼓聲合,然後舉旗。」
武侯問曰:「三軍進止,豈有道乎?」起對曰:「無當天灶,無當龍頭。天灶者,大谷之口;龍頭者,大山之端。必左青龍,右白虎,前朱雀,後玄武,招搖在上,從事於下。將戰之時,必審候風所從來,風順致呼而從之,風逆堅陳以待之。」
武侯問曰:「凡蓄卒騎,豈有方乎?」起對曰:「夫馬,必安其處所,適其水草,節其飢飽。冬則溫廄,夏則涼廡,刻剔毛鬣,謹落四下。戢其耳目,無令驚駭;習其馳逐,閑其進止。人馬相親,然後可使。車騎之具,鞍、勒、銜、轡,必令完堅。凡馬不傷於末,必傷於始;不傷於飢,必傷於飽;日暮道遠,必數上下,寧勞於人,慎無勞馬。常令有餘,備敵覆我。能明此者,橫行天下。」
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