01010910 This Day In History, September 10

210 BC: Emperor Qin Shi Huang of China died at age 49.

506: The Church of Rome bishops of Visigothic Gaul met in the Council of Agde (see also Constantine's Crusades In History And Prophecy).

1419: John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy was assassinated by followers of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.

1224: The first Franciscan missionaries arrived in England. The Roman Catholic monks, also then known as "Grey Friars," were founded by Francis of Assisi 15 years before. England officially split with the papacy during the time of King Henry VIII (reigned 1509-1547), who established himself, and all future monarchs right to the present day, as head of the Church of England.

1419: John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, was assassinated by followers of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.

1547: The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the last full scale battle between England and Scotland, resulted in a decisive victory for Edward VI.

1588: Thomas Cavendish returned to England, becoming the third man to circumnavigate the earth.

1823: Simon Bolivar was declared President of Peru.

1846: Elias Howe patented his "sewing machine," a device that permitted greater industrial production of clothing at lower cost.

1897: The Lattimer Mine Massacre: At a coal mine in Pennsylvania, a sheriff's "posse" (from the ancient Latin posse comitatus, in effect meaning posing as official) killed 19 unarmed striking miners; dozens more were wounded.

1898: Empress Elizabeth of Austria was assassinated by Luigi Lucheni, an Italian anarchist.

1912: Jules Vedrines of France became the first pilot to reach 100 m.p.h. in flight.

1914: The six-day Battle of the Marne ended during the First World War, halting the German advance into France.

1918: During the Russian Civil War, the Red Army captured Kazan.

1939: At the beginning of the Second World War, Canada declared war on Nazi Germany, joining the United Kingdom and France.

1948: US-born Mildred Gillars, accused of being Nazi wartime radio broadcaster "Axis Sally," was indicted in Washington, D.C., for treason.

1952: The Treaty of Luxembourg was signed between Israel and Germany, whereby Germany agreed to make reparation payments to Israel for German crimes against the Jews in during the Second World War. Conrad Adenauer signed for Germany. Ironically (as news events in the coming years will plainly show), the ceremony was held at the Luxembourg City Hall, a site dictated by Adenauer's presence that day to initial the pact establishing the European Coal and Steel Community - one of the first steps that led to the formation of the new, but ancient, European Union.

1963: President John Kennedy federalized Alabama's National Guard to prevent Governor George Wallace from using guardsmen to stop public-school desegregation. 20 black students were enabled to enter college that year.

1967: The people of Gibraltar voted to remain a British dependency rather than becoming part of Spain.

2002: Switzerland, a traditionally a "neutral" country, became a member of the United Nations.

2003: Anna Lindh, the foreign minister of Sweden, was fatally stabbed while shopping.

2007: Former Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif returned to Pakistan after seven years in exile.

2008: The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, described as the biggest scientific experiment in history, was powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.